Rule 1: 1. The vocabulary of trade and wealth
Learn the words in pairs. صَدَّرَ، يُصَدِّرُ to export (Form II) and اِسْتَوْرَدَ، يَسْتَوْرِدُ to import (Form X); صَادِرَاتٌ and وَارِدَاتٌ, both feminine plural participles used as nouns; سِلْعَةٌ a commodity and its plural سِلَعٌ; ثَمَنٌ price, cost (plural أَثْمَانٌ) beside سِعْرٌ market price (plural أَسْعَارٌ); إِذْنٌ permission, licence; رَخَاءٌ prosperity, ease and ثَرْوَةٌ wealth (plural ثَرَوَاتٌ). A rise is expressed by اِرْتَفَعَ (prices) or اِزْدَادَ (amounts), a fall by اِنْخَفَضَ or قَلَّ; the size of the change follows بِنِسْبَةِ by a ratio of: بِنِسْبَةِ عَشَرَةٍ فِي الْمِئَةِ by ten per cent.
تُصَدِّرُ الْبِلَادُ الزَّيْتُونَ وَتَسْتَوْرِدُ الْقَمْحَ.
tuṣaddiru l-bilādu z-zaytūna wa-tastawridu l-qamḥa
The country exports olives and imports wheat.
Form II and Form X, both with feminine agreement for بِلَاد.
اِرْتَفَعَتْ أَسْعَارُ السِّلَعِ بِنِسْبَةِ خَمْسَةٍ فِي الْمِئَةِ.
irtafaʿat asʿāru s-silaʿi bi-nisbati khamsatin fi l-miʾati
The prices of goods rose by five per cent.
بِنِسْبَةِ + number + فِي الْمِئَةِ.
لَا تُبَاعُ هٰذِهِ السِّلْعَةُ إِلَّا بِإِذْنٍ خَاصٍّ.
lā tubāʿu hādhihi s-silʿatu illā bi-idhnin khāṣṣin
This commodity is sold only with a special licence.
لَا … إِلَّا 'only'; passive hollow تُبَاعُ.
عَاشَ النَّاسُ فِي رَخَاءٍ بَعْدَ سَنَوَاتِ الْحَرْبِ.
ʿāsha n-nāsu fī rakhāʾin baʿda sanawāti l-ḥarbi
People lived in prosperity after the years of war.
رَخَاءٌ ends in a hamza on the line after alif.